要想说好英语,应该学一点语音知识。下面是笔者总结的有关语音方面的一些基本知识,供你参考。
1、关于语音的几个概念
1) 字母:语言的书写形式。元音字母a,e,i(y),o,u。
2) 音标:词的语音形式。
3) 音素:音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。
4) 音节:由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple,stu'dent,tea'cher,un'der'stand。
5) 元音:发音响亮,是乐音;口腔中气流不收阻碍;是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。
6) 辅音:发音不响亮,是噪音;口腔中气流受到阻碍;不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。
7) 开音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike home due; b) 辅音+元音 he,go,hi。
8) 闭音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad,bed,sit,hot,cup; b)元音+辅音it。
9) 重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮的音节。
2、元音:(注意:下面空方括号是电脑无法输入的音标)
1) [i:] sea,he,see,piece,ceiling
2) [i] sit,build,miss,myth
3) [e] bed,desk,head
4) [ ] bad,land,bank,stamp
5) [a:] car,fast,class,plant,calm,aunt
6) [ ] hot,want
7) [ ] door,more,sport,ball,warm,author,court,bought,caught
8) [u:] good,who,blue,soup
9) [u] look,put,women,could
10) [ ] cup,come,blood,rough
11) [ ] girl,work,serve,nurse
12) [ ] cadre,ago,forget,polite,dollar,doctor,famous,Saturday
13) [ei] cake,they,play,eight,GREat
14) [ai] bike,die,neither,light,try,find,height,eye
15) [ ] phone,cold,boat,soul,grow
16) [au] house,town
17) [ ] boy,oil
18) [ ] dear,idea,deer,here,fierce
19) [ ] pear,care,there,fair
20) [ ] tour,poor
3、容易混淆的元音
1) [e] [] bed bad; men,man; pen,pan; lend land
2) [i:] [ei] real rail; GREet,great; mean,main; read raid
3) [e] [AI] bet bite; red write; said side,head,hide
4) [au] [ ] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause
5) [au] [ ] found fond; gown gone; down don
4、辅音
1) [p] pen
2) [b] bed,comb
3) [t] tell
4) [d],day,played,wanted
5) [k] cold,sky,quick,school,back,accept,box
6) [g] big,go,guess,language
7) [m] man
8) [n] nine,knife,autumn
9) [ ] bank,uncle,English,sing
10) [l] land,world
11) [r] read,write
12) [f] five,cough,laugh
13) [v] voice,of
14) [ ] think
15) [ ] this,bathe
16) [s] sit,miss,science,case,scarf
17) [z] zoo,close
18) [ ] sure,she,social,nation
19) [ ] pleasure
20) [h] hot,who,hour
21) [w] wall,what,answer
22) [j] yes
23) [ ] child,teach,catch
24) [ ] joke,bridge
25) [ts] boats
26) [dz] goods
27) [tr] tree
28) [dr] dream
5、容易混淆的辅音
1) [v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well
2) [s] [ ] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math
3) [z] [ ] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes
4) [n] [ ] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang
6、读音规则
1) 重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)。
2) 非重读音节 [ ] banana,student,today,after,[i] orange,secret,evening,very,Monday。
7、特殊读音
1)音的连读:前面的词以元辅音结尾,后面的单词以元音开头,这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。例如:not at all,half an hour,I love you and all、after all。
2)失去爆破:辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等,前面的辅音要失去爆破。例如:good girl,good student,good job,expression,school,extreme。
3)音的同化:两个特殊的音碰到一起,会发出变异成特殊的音。例如:Would you do it? I am glad to meet you、Can't you see it? last year,this year。
8、重音
1)单词重音
A)双音节词
a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter,sorry。
b)有 a-,be-,de-,re-,res-,in-,im-,en-,em-,es-,ex-,con-,com-,dis-,mis-,pre-,per-,pro-,trans- 等前缀的词,第二个音节是重音。a'bout,be'lieve,ad'dress,de'cide,re'port,con'demn,res'pect,com'pare,in'form,dis'cuss,im'press,mis'take,en'force,pre'pare,em'ploy,per'mit,es'cape,pro'duce,ex'claim,trans'late。
c)有 de-,in-,re-,con-,pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关,一般名词的重音在第一个音节上,其它的词性在第二个音节上。'record,re'cord; 'insult,in'sult; 'conduct,con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content,con'tent。
d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-,ex-,un-,pre-,post-,等的词,有两个重音。'out'side,'re'tell,'well-'known,'un'real,'fif'teen,'Chi'nese,'pre-'war,'post-'war。
B)多音节词
a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。'difficult,'communist,'family,e'conomy,oppor'tunity,de'mocracy。
b)有一些双音节词,加了前缀和后缀成了多音节,但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。'carefully,in'definite,'comfortable,con'ductor,ac'cording,dis'turbance,'complicated,es'tablishment。
c)词尾有-eous,-grahpy,-ial,-ian,-ic,-ics,-ience,ient,-ify,-ion,-ious,-ity,ive 后缀的词,重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。cour'teous,cal'ligraphy,edi'torial,his'torian,peri'odic,mathe'matics,ex'perience,suf'ficient,i'dentify,trans'lation,re'ligious,curi'osity,pro'tective。
d)词尾有 -ain,-ee,-eer,-ese,-ette 后缀的词,重音在该后缀上,而且有一个次重音。enter'tain,emplo'yee,mountai'neer,Japa'nese,ciga'rette。
2)句子重音
A) 英语的节奏:(轻)-轻-重-轻-(轻)或重-轻-(轻)(轻)重。
B) 英语句子的长短:是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的,而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。
C) 实词重读(副词重读),虚词轻读(冠词,单音节介词,单音节连词,人称代词,反代词,物主代词,关系代词,相互代词,助动词,情态动词和系动词be。
D) 实词不重读的特殊情况
a) 实词第二次出现 He thinks of that as a child thinks.
b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰 I met her in the railway station.
c) 代替词 Which book do you want? The small one.
d) 感叹词中的 what 和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!
e) street 在专有名词中 Wangfujing Street。
f)this在这些短语中,this morning/afternoon/evening 。
E)虚词重读的特殊情况
a) 情态动词,助动词和系动词be在句首,句尾和否定时。Do you like it? Yes,I do.Are you a doctor? Yes,I am.Can you help me? Yes,I can.I don't like you.He isn't a worker.
b) 情态动词表示可能,惊奇和肯定时。They may come this evening.Can it be five already? He must be in the room.
c) 介词在句首和句尾。In the box,he found a letter.He is the person I talked with.
d) 引导复合句的连词在句首。If you wish,I'll visit you.When he comes,I'll tell him.
e)反身代词表示强调。He couldn't come himself.