完形填空是一种综合性的题型,它集词语辨析,词的用法及搭配、语法、单句理解、语篇理解的考查于一体,既考查考生的语言知识水平,又检测他们的分析判断能力和综合运用语言的实践能力。因此,它不仅要求考生具有扎实的基础知识,同时还得具备灵活运用语言知识与其他相关学科的基本常识相互融合的分析能力。由此看来,该题型难度大,区分度高,是考生们容易“拉开距离”的题型。
完形填空题材广泛,涉及到日常生活、文史知识、科技小品、政治、经济、人物、社会故事等。体裁主要是记叙文,说明文和议论文。该题突出的特点是:容量大,分数比重高,选项干扰性强,对考生知识和能力相结合的考查越来越突出。文章内容逻辑性强,文章结构严谨,层次分明。这就需要考生有较强的分析、判断及逻辑推理能力。笔者认为做好一篇完形填空应从以下三点入手。
一、通读全文,把握文脉
“文脉”即文章的脉落,任何一篇文章作者都是按一定的线索展开的。即通过一个或几个事例对人物或事件进行描述或说明,使读者读后对全文有一个完整的认识。许多学生不了解这一点,看到题后不读全文便贸然动笔,这样便把完形填空变成了单纯性的语法、词义辨析,其结果可想而知。综观近几年高考完形填空我们得到这样两点认识:1. 完形填空通常不给标题,首句不设空,因为它是了解全文的窗口。 2. 文章短、挖空多。一般说来,文章越短,挖空密度越大,失去的语言信息就越多,理解文章的难度就越大,解答时难度就会加大。因此看到文章后,首先要通读全文,在不选择答案的情况下,明白文章要讲什么。首次读文章时最好不要选择答案,因为这时我们对文章尚未有一个完整的认识,有的答案选上后在本句中可能讲得通,但语义上可能跟上下文相抵触。因此,这时选择不仅易错,而且对后面的填空题起干扰作用,形成“连环错”。所以第一遍读文章并非为选答案,而是为了把握文章思想。在通读全文时,要从整体上感知全文,全神贯注,跳过空格,抓住关键性词汇,理清文章的线索,进而理解全文。
二、仔细研读,初步确定答案
掌握文章大意只是做完形填空题最基本的一步,最关键的步骤是研读。在基本抓住文章的主旨大意后,应逐句细读、逐句分析、细心选择、就地取材。要注意文章的整体性和连贯性,吃透文意,理解到位,不要只见树木,不见森林;要知道上下文是环环相连的,不同的词汇说明事物不同的发展方向,不同人物的动作表情说明不同人物的性格心理,不同的文化习俗也就决定了人们的思维方式和行为方式的不同,只有根据文中提供的信息做出正确选择,去伪存真,才能使文章的情节得到正常发展。如果遇到一时难以选择的题目,也要冷静分析,克服急躁和恐惧心理,试从多角度来综合考虑,最终还是可以找出线索来的。
三、再读全文,验证答案
将所缺单词或短语补上后我们便得到了一篇完整的短文,即所缺的信息补全了。这里还要仔细阅读一下全文,对所有答案(特别是带有数字的答案)再度审视,目的是检验答案是否合理得当,是否经得起反复推敲,是否能自然地融入语篇,使行文通顺流畅。复核时要注意,我们所选的是最佳答案而不仅仅是“正确”答案。请看NMET2002高考原题:
What is intelligence(智力) anyway? When I was in the army I __36__an intelligence test that all soldiers took, and, against __37__of 100, scored 160.
I had an auto-repair man once, who, on these intelligence tests, could not __38__ have scored more than 80. __39__, when anything went wrong with my car I hurried to him—and he always __40__ it.
Well, then, suppose my auto-repair man__41__ questions for some intelligence tests. By every one of them I'd prove myself a __42__. In a world where I have to work with my__43__, I'd do poorly.
Consider my auto-repair man__44__. He had a habit of telling__45__. One time he said, “Doc, a deaf-and-dumb(聋哑) man__46__ some nails. Having entered a store, he put two fingers together on the counter and made__47__movements with the other hand. The clerk brought him a hammer. He__48__ his head and pointed to the two fingers he was hammering. The clerk__49__ him some nails. He picked out right the size and left. Well, Doc, the__50__ man who came in was blind. He wanted scissors(剪刀). __51__do you suppose he asked for them?” I lifted my right hand and made scissoring movements with my first two fingers. He burst out laughing and said, “Why, you fool, he used his__52__ and asked for them. I've been__53__that on all my customers today, but I knew__54__I'd catch you.”“Why is that?” I asked. “Because you are so goddamned educated, Doc. I knew you couldn't be very__55__.”
And I have an uneasy feeling he had something there.
36. A. failed B. wrote C. received D. chose
37. A. an average B. a total C. an exam D. a number
38. A. always B. possibly C. certainly D. frequently
39. A. Then B. Thus C. Therefore D. Yet
40. A. fixed B. checked C. drove D. changed
41. A. answered B. practised C. designed D. tried
42. A. teacher B. doctor C. winner D. fool
43. A. brains B. effort C. hands D. attention
44. A. again B. as usual C. too D. as well
45. A. lies B. jokes C. news D.tales
46. A. bought B. tested C. found D. needed
47. A. cutting B. hammering C. waving D. circling
48. A. nodded B. raised C. shook D. turned
49. A. brought B. packed C. sent D. sold
50. A. clever B. other C. right D. next
51. A. What B. How C. Who D. Which
52. A. imagination B. hand C. voice D. information
53. A. trying B. proving C. practising D. examining
54. A. for sure B. at once C. in fact D. right now
55. A. clear B. silly C. slow D. smart
key: 36-40 CABDA 41-45 CDCAB 46-50 DBCAD 51-55 BCAAD
