英语副词是对动词、形容词、其他副词或者一个句子起描述作用,或者对其意义作进一步说明的词.英语副词根据其句法功能可分为附加语(adjunct)、联加语(conjunct)和外加语(disjunct).各类副词在句中的位置各不相同,变换其词序会使句子的含义产生变化.下面笔者对副词的用法进行分类说明.
一、 附加语
附加语为分句或句子基本结构的一部分,在分句或句子中修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示时间、地点、频率、程度或方式.如:
(1) I have almost finished. 我已经差不多完成了。
(2) I think she'll be married shortly. 我想她不久就会结婚的。
(3) He was a deeply sick man. 他病得相当严重。
(4) He did really well, didn't he? 他做得相当好,不是吗?
附加语还可细分为两类:主语附加语(subject adjunct)和方式附加语(manner adjunct)。如:
(5) You stupidly answered his questions. ( stupidly 是主语附加语.这句话的含义相当于:It was stupid of you to answer his questions. 或 You were stupid to answer his questions.)
(6) You answered his questions stupidly. (stupidly是方式附加语.这句话的含义相当于:You answered his questions in that stupid way.)
附加语可以放在被修饰词的前面或句末,附加语的位置不同其含义也不同。试比较下列各组句子:
(7) We have solved practically all these problems. 这些问题我们差不多已全部解决了。
We have solved all these problems practically. 我们以切实可行的方法把全部问题解决了。
(8) We heard only of it this morning. 今天早上我们只听见这件事。
We only heard of it this morning. 我们今天早上只是听说这件事。
We heard of it only this morning. 我们只是在今天早上才听说这件事。
二、联加语
联加语不属于分句或句子的基本结构,只是用来表明含该联加语的句子与其他句子的关系。如:
(9) Altogether, it was a happy week. 总的说来,这星期是开心的。
(10) It rained; therefore, the match was postponed.因为下雨,所以比赛延期了。
大家都知道,定语从句中的关系代词that与which在指物时,往往是可以互换的,但在下列几种情况下却多用关系代词that,而不能用which.
1. 当先行词为all, little, much, few, everything, none 等不定代词时,关系代词用that而不用which.例如:
All that glitters is not gold.
There are few books that you can read in this book store.
2. 当先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词用that, 不用which.例如:
He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.
3. 当先行词有形容词最高级修饰时,关系代词用that, 而不用which.例如:
It was the largest map that I ever saw.
Hangzhou is one of the most beautiful cities that I have ever visited.
4. 当先行词有序数词修饰时,关系代词用that, 不用which.例如:
The first sight that was caught at the GREat Wall has made a lasting impression on him.
5. 当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the right等修饰时,关系代词用that,不用which.例如:
That is the very thing that we can do. It is the only book that he bought himself.
6. 当先行词被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修饰时,关系代词用that,不用which.例如:
You can take any book that you like.
7. 当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时,为了避免重复,定语从句的关系代词一般用that,而不用which.例如:
Which was the hotel that was recommended to you?
8. 在强调句型" It is ... that ..."中, 只能用that,不能用which.例如:
It was liberation that brought about a complete change in his life.
9. 在"such (the same) ... as ..."句型中,关系代词要用as, 而不用which.例如:
We need such materials as (not which) can bear high temperature.
10. as引导的定语从句可以放在主句前面, 也可以放在主句后面或主句中间,而由 which引导的定语从句只能放在主句后面.例如:
As we all know, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.
