推展段落方法之七——下定义法
15
下定义(definition)就是解释某事物是什么,不是什么。写下定义段落时,通常把概念或要下定义的事物置于一个大的类别中,然后解释该事物与同一类别的其它事物有何不同。下定义法多用作推展段落的辅助方法。
示范段落15-1
A pencil is an instrument for writing on paper.It is of cylindrical shape and can be held between the first two fingers of the hand.It is about 6 inches long and 1/4 inch wide.At the end there is usually an eraser attached to the pencil by a surrounding metal band.Lead is the material which is used in making the marks on the paper,and a sharpener is needed to keep the pencil in good working order.Pencils are made of various kinds of wood.
15.2示范段落分析
主题句:A pencil is an instrument for writing on paper.细节:shape,material
15.3关于如何写下定义段落
1)以正式的定义开始
一个正式的定义段落通常把要定义的术语置于一个概类中,然后指出该术语与其它同类别事物有什么不同。在示范段落15-1中,要定义的术语是“pencil”,属于概类“instrument”。
2)用描述、举例或比较对比方法扩充定义
在正式的定义之后,必须更详细地解释该术语的意思,在示范段落15-1中用的是描述法,在示范段落13-1中,扩充“courage”概念用的是举例法。比较对比法也可以用于扩充定义,对比法陈述该事物不是什么,比较法陈述该事物象什么。