1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，例如：
He is the man giving you the money.　(= who gave you…)　他就是给你钱的那个人。
He is the man stopped by the car.　　( = who was stopped by…)
他就是那个被车拦住的人。
2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生　
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned
例: a well-read person.　　一个读过许多书的人
　　 a much-travelled may　一个去过许多地方的人
　　

1）与主语动词同时，
　Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.　 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。
　Arriving there, they found the boy dead.　刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。
典型例题
　　The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare　 B. preparing　 C. prepared　 D. was preparing　
　　答案B. 此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparin

其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。
　generally speaking　一般说来
　talking of (speaking of) 说道
　strictly speaking 严格的说
　judging from 从…判断
　all things considered 从整体来看
　taking all things into consideration　全面看来
Judging from his face, he must be ill.　从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。
　　Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 (

现在分词： 表示主动，正在进行
过去分词： 表示被动，已经完成
　 She looked tired with cooking.　她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。
　 He remained standing beside the table.　他依然站在桌旁。

通常在感官动词和使役动词之后，如：
　 I found my car missing.　我发现我的车不见了。
　 I'll have my watch repaired.　我想把我的手表修一下。

通常在感官动词和使役动词之后，如：
　 I found my car missing.　我发现我的车不见了。
　 I'll have my watch repaired.　我想把我的手表修一下。

有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as.　但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个，如：
　　While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
　　waiting 和saw 的主语相同。

As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
-> Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
　 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。
　 If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
-> Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
　假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。
典型例题
　1）_____ some officials, Napole

分词前置　
　We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日
　He is a retired worker.　 他是位退休的工人
分词后置 (i.分词词组；ii. 个别分词如given, left； iii. 修饰不定代词 something等)
　There was a girl sitting there.　有个女孩坐在