段落是文章的组成部分，同时又是独立的思想单元。要写好全文，首先要学会写好段落。好的段落，应该完整、连贯、组织得好。所谓完整，就是段落中所有的句子都围绕一个中心思想来写，一个段落应该有表达自己中心思想的主题句，其他的所有句子都是为说明或证明这个中心思想而服务。所谓连贯，段落中句与句之间的关系应该过渡自然，符合逻辑。段落的组织应该思路清晰，层次分明。
一、段落写作的主要步骤与框架模式
段落的写作可按以下步骤进行：首先要思考这一段落的中心思想，用一个完整的句子表达出来，然后收集能够证明和解释这个中心思想的细节和例子。最后按逻辑顺序组织安排好这些材料，这样就有了一个段落的粗略草案。
四级作文一般都是说明文或议论文，其段落最常见的框架模式如下图：
以下是四级作文范文中的一段：
As far as I'm concerned，I do welcome the test of spoken English（主题句）．My arguments to support this opinion are as follows（原因概述）．With the development in economy，a large number of foreign companies have surged into China，especially Shanghai．We are faced with the problem how to communicate with foreigners（原因1）．The test forced us to practice our spoken English constantly with each other（原因2）and it will help us speak better to a GREat extent．Taking into account all these factors（总结），I will try my best to speak more and continue to get a good grade in this test（结论）．
二、段落的写法
1．如何开头
（1）直接翻译法。直接翻译作文提示中每段的中心思想，作为开头。
四级作文中，通常把主旨句位于段首，用具有概括性的语言围绕一个中心来写，内含表达全段中心的关键词（key words）。
（2）设问句开头。
（3）阐述说明所议论对象的重要性及地位。
①．．．plays an important role（part）in ______ ．
② It is well-known（clear，true，said）that ______ ．
③It's very important for ______ to ______ ．
④Nothing can be more important than ______ ．
（4）以谚语开头
As the proverb goes， ______ ．That's to say ______ ．
There is a proverb that says“ ______ ”．
比如，一篇题为Honesty的作文，以上述四种形式开头如下：
①Honesty is one of the most valuable characters of human being．
②What is honesty？Honesty means speaking the truth and being fair and upright in act．
③Honesty plays an important role in association．
④As the proverb goes，“Honesty is the best policy．That is to say，．．．．
2．如何展开
展开句是一个段落的主体部分，是最能体现写作水平的部分。展开的内容要提前思考成熟，最好列出点来（即列点法），以求思路清晰，句句相连，逻辑性强。展开方法和关联词语（启、承、转、合）要运用得当。
（1）列举法扩展模式
列举法包括列点法和两点法。
A、列点法：一般用于较长的段落，适用于至少三点以上的展开，用前后一致的关联词语连接。
如：
1）First．．．Second．．．Third．．．
2）Firstly．．．Secondly．．．Thirdly．．．La-stly．．．
3）First of all，next，then，besides，in addition，what's more，moreover，etc．
B、两点法：用于较短的段落，只陈述两点。常用关联词语有：
1）For one thing，．．．or another，．．．
2）In the first place，．．．In the second place，．．．
3）On one hand，．．．On the other hand，．．．
（2）因果论证扩展模式
表示原因的表达方式有：
because of，because，as，for，owing to，due to，thanks to，by virtue of
表示结果的表达方式有：
so，therefore，as a result，consequently，in consequently，in consequence
表示举例的表达方式有：
1）For example．．．
2）For instance．．．
3） Take．．．for example（for instance）
4）．．．is just a case in point
5）．．．can serve as an example
（3）比较法扩展模式
表示比较的表达方式有：
1）A is different from B in ______ ．
2）A is similar to B in ______ ．
3）The difference between A and B lies in that ______ ．
（4）转折对照法
这种方法用于阐述两种相反或相对立的观点、态度或事实。其扩展模式为：
表示对照的表达方式有：
1）In contrast
2）Contrary to
3）In opposite
4）On the contrary
5）On one hand．．．On the other hand，．．．
6）Every coin has two sides
表示转折的表达方式有：
1）But
2）However
3）While
4）Nevertheless
5）But，we should also take the other side of the coin into consideration．
6）There are also some disadvantages／problems in．．．
例如，2000年6月份题为Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary？的四级范文中第2
段就是用转折对照法扩展段落的一个典型例子。
A majority of people consider it very important to hold a spoken English test．They argue that spoken English is as important as written English，for the ability of speaking，listening， reading，and writing are four indispensable elements in judging if a person has proficiency in English（观点A）．But there are still some people who are not in favor of this kind of test at all．（转折过渡）They bear such a thought in mind that since they're not going to go abroad， it's not necessary for them at all to master spoken English．（与观点A相反的观点）
除了以上几种方法外，还有解释定义法（此法常用于文章首段的写作。文章首段常用一个问句开头，然后通过解释或定义某一概念而展开。）以及时间、空间顺序法。展开段落的方法的选择应依据段落的中心思想以及支持中心思想的细节材料的内容来确定。
3．如何结尾
（1）以预言结尾。常用于末段结尾。
（2）以呼吁结尾。常用于末段结尾。
（3）以总结结尾。
表示总结的表达方式有：
in brief，in short，in a word，in conclusion，in general，to sum up
比如，一篇题为Honesty的作文以上述三种形式结尾如下：
（1）Only if you take honesty as the best policy can you earn some friends．
（2）Let's keep this proverb as a rule for ouraction．
（3）In short，we should keep honest at any times．
以2000年元月份题为How I Finance My College Education的四级作文范文为例来分析段落的写作方法。
How I Finance My College Education
Nowadays，tuition and fees for college are much higher than ever before．（引入句）How to finance your college education has become a matter of concern for many．（主题句）You can deal with it in many ways．（列举法扩展的概述）You can apply for a loan especially set up for college students．（列举1）You can also acquire the money completely by yourself，doing a full-time job in the summer or winter holiday．（列举2）In addition，you can ask your parents for most of it and earn the rest in your spare time in college，by doing a part-time job．（列举3）
In my opinion，I prefer the last way．（主题句）Having acquired most of the tuition and fees from my parents，I needn't worry too much about the money and can concentrate on my study．（原因1）On the other hand，a part-time job in my spare time could make my campus-life colorful．（原因2）I can make a lot of friends， improve my abilities and learn lots of knowl- edge．（原因3）So I choose this way to cover my tuition and fees．（结论）
Para 1用列举法展开
Para 2用因果论证法展开。
good
