香港大学面试：人口老龄化问题

在世界人口走向老龄化和发达国家人口老龄化发展的同时，中国人口老龄化也在加剧。人口老龄化的产生，正是社会进步、经济发展的结果。中国人口转变一般被认为始于新中国成立，起先是死亡率明显而迅速地下降。而全国性的生育率转变则始于20世纪70年代初期国家计划生育政策的介入，并迅速由高生育率水平转向低生育率水平。这样，人口的老龄化就导致了劳动力人口负担不断增大的问题，影响了我国社会经济的发展，并对相应基础设施、法律制度等物质及精神各方面的建设提出了新的要求。

针对这一情况全国老龄委发布了《中国老龄事业发展“十一五”规划》，提出了“十一五”期间，中国在养老保障、医疗保障、社会救助等，以及老龄事业基础设施建设、老年产业、老年精神文化生活等方面所要实现的目标和任务。我们既要正确认识中国人口老龄化的形成原因、基本特征、发展趋势以及可能产生的社会经济后果，更要弄清人口老龄化对社会经济运行及可持续发展的影响。惟此，才能提高决策的科学性和可行性，解决好人口老龄化问题，为实施可持续发展战略创造有利的人口环境。通过对人口老龄化的科学内涵的界定，明确我国人口老龄化的成因。通过对人口老龄化的演进过程的研究，重点阐述我国人口老龄化的特征及其对经济、社会和家庭等各方面的影响，从而解决自身不足，提出解决人口老龄化问题的相应对策措施。

Of the world's population aging and the aging of the population in developed countries the same time, China's aging population has intensified. The aging of the population have is social proGREss and economic development. China's population changes are generally believed to have started in the founding of new China, the mortality rate is initially clear and rapid decline. And the national fertility rate change is the 20th century began in the early 1970s to the national family planning policy intervention and quickly from the high level of fertility to low fertility level. Thus, the aging of the population has led to the burden of the working population growing problems affecting China's social and economic development, as well as the corresponding infrastructure, legal system and other material and the spirit of building the new requirements. In view of this situation the National Committee on Aging issued a "development of the cause of aging," 11th Five-Year "plan" the "11th Five-Year Plan" period,
China's old-age security, medical insurance, social relief, and the cause of aging infrastructure construction, older industries, the elderly spiritual and cultural life, and other fields to achieve the objectives and tasks. We should correctly understand China's population aging of the formation, basic features, Development trends and possible socio-economic consequences, more to be cognizant of the aging of the population and sustainable socio-economic operations development. Only then can we make decision-making more scientific and feasibility of solving the problem of aging population. to the implementation of a sustainable development strategy to create an enabling environment for the population. Based on the aging of the population scientific content defined clearly China's aging population causes. Based on the aging of the population evolution of the study focuses on the aging of China's population and the characteristics of the economy, society and the family, as well as the impact, so as to solve their own inadequate solve the problem of aging population in the corresponding countermeasures.

关键词：
Key word:
人口老龄化
Population old age
人口负担
Population burden
老年社会保障
Old age social security
可持续发展
Sustainable development
关键词：人口老龄化 人口负担 老年社会保障 可持续发展
Key word: Population old age population burden old age social
securitysustainable development

      Many countries will experience aging populations in the next century  because of declining birth and mortality rates. China will soon join their  ranks. According to statistics, the aging of China's population will approach its peak by the middle of the next century, with the percentage of the people aged beyond 60 making up 27.4 percent of the total. That means one out of every four people will be elderly.

      As for the issue of aging, its situation has been growing increasingly severe in spite of the fact most people are still ignorant of the problems it brings about. Firstly, with families becoming smaller and living pace escalating, it is even graver for families to care for aged members adequately. Secondly, aging causes a relative decline in working force in that fewer people have to support the increasing aged people. Consequently, the productivity of the whole society is affected to some extent. Thirdly and most importantly, the aging of population in China resulted from the successful implementation of family planning has not been synchronized with national economic proGREss.

  The rapidity of the population's aging has made it more urgent for the adoption of countermeasures. No doubt they key is to build a solid economic foundation. Meanwhile, importance shall be attached to overall social proGREss by changing the backward situation in social security, welfare and service. 

  What's more, family care and community services shall also be encouraged.


Aging of the American Population

America is growing older. Fifty years ago, only 4 out of every 100 people in the United States were 65 or older. Today, 10 out of every ]00 Americans are over 65. The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways - education, medicine, and business. The graying of America has made us a very different society ---one in which people have a quite different idea of what kind of behavior is suitable at various ages.

A person's age no longer tells you anything about his or her social position, marriage or health. There's no longer a particular year in which one goes to school or goes to work or gets married or starts a family. The social clock that kept us on time and told us when to go to school, get a job, or stop working isn't as strong as it used to be. It doesn't surprise us to hear of a 29-year-old university president or a 35-year- old grandmother,or a 70-year-old man who has become a father for the first time. 

Many people say,"l am much younger than my mother or my father was at my age." No one says anymore," Act your age." We've stopped looking with surprise at older people who act in youthful ways.

美国人口老龄化

美国正在变老。50年前，在美国每100个人里面只有4个人在65岁或65岁以上。现在每100个美国人中有10个超过了65岁。人口老化将会在许多方面影响美国社会—教育。医药和商业。美国变老已经使我们成为一个极为不同的社会，这个社会中人们对在不同的年龄适合做什么事情的观点也大相径庭。

一个人的年龄不再能够告诉你他或她的社会地位、婚姻以及健康状况。人们上学，工作，结婚或者组建家庭也不再有确切的时间。使我们按部就班、告诉我们何时上学、工作或退休的社会时钟也不再像从前那样强大。我们听到29岁的大学校长，35岁的祖母或70岁才头次当上爸爸这样的消息时，也不会感到奇怪了。

很多人都说：“我比我父母在我这个年龄时年轻得多。”不会有人再说：“做与年纪相符的事情。”我们已经不再以惊讶的目光注视老年人以年轻人的方式行事。