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地震知识大全(中英文版)

地震的术语和相关知识

[日期:2008-05-13]   [字体: ]
The structure of the Earth as eggs, can be divided into three tiers. Centre-is "egg yolk" - core and intermediate "egg white" - the mantle; outer layer is the "eggshell" - the crust. Earthquake occurred in the crust in general. Earth's rotation and keep the revolution, while the crust is constantly changing internal. The resulting in the role of the crustal deformation of rocks, broken, dislocation and then the earthquake. Underground is where the earthquake epicenter. Source upward from the vertical to the surface where is the epicenter. From the epicenter of the distance to the source told focal depth. Source concentration of less than 70 km of the earthquake was shallow earthquake, in between 70-300 kilometers to the earthquake in the earthquake, more than 300 kilometers of seismic source for deep earthquakes. Focal depth of the earthquake is the most in 1963 in Indonesia Irian Jaya province in northern waters of the 5.8 earthquake, the focal depth of 786 km. For the same size of the earthquake, the focal depth not the same, not the same, the damage caused on the ground level is not the same. On the source, the GREater the damage, but also affected the scope of the smaller, and vice versa.

        With a certain distance from the epicenter of the call from the epicenter. Less than 100 kilometers from the epicenter of the earthquake known as the local earthquake, in the 100-1000 km between the recent earthquake known as the earthquake, more than 1,000 kilometers of the earthquake as far tremor, which, the farther away from the epicenter of the impact on local and The smaller the damage.

        Caused by the earthquake ground vibration is a complex exercise, it is by the P-wave and S-wave interaction results. In Zhenzhong Qu, longitudinal wave to the ground moving from top to bottom Britain. S-wave shaking the ground level. As P-wave spread faster, also decay faster, slower S-wave transmission, the decay also slower, so far away from the epicenter, are often not aware of beating from top to bottom, but was able to reach the level of shaking.

        The size of the earthquake itself, with that magnitude, according to the release of the earthquake wave energy flexibility to determine the size of magnitude, China's general use of the Richter scale. Usually less than the 2.5 earthquake Jiaoxiao earthquake ,2.5-4 .7 earthquake is felt tremors, more than 4.7 earthquake known as the devastating earthquake. Each difference between a magnitude of the earthquake energy released by a difference of about 30 times. For example, a seven earthquake equivalent to 30 6 earthquake, or the equivalent of 900 5 earthquakes, magnitude 0.1 difference, the energy released an average difference of 1.4 times.

        When a certain place in a large earthquake, in a period of time, often in a series of earthquakes, one of the largest earthquake known as a main shock, the main shock before the earthquake is pre-earthquake, occurred after the main shock is earthquake aftershock .

        Earthquake has a spatial and temporal distribution of. From the time, the seismic active period and a period of quiet alternating cyclical phenomenon. From space, the earthquake was the distribution of a certain band, said the earthquake zone, mainly concentrated in the Central Pacific and the Mediterranean - the two major Himalayan seismic belt. Pacific seismic zone almost the entire world focus on more than 80 percent of shallow earthquakes (0 km to 70 km), all of the source (70 km to 300 km) and deep earthquakes, the energy released by an earthquake about 80 percent of all energy.

        Earthquake shook the ground at a certain point is the deGREe of strength of seismic intensity. China's seismic intensity will be divided into 12 degrees.

        Magnitude and intensity, although they can reflect the strength of the earthquake, but also have the same meaning. Earthquake with a magnitude only one, but because of the intensity varies in different places, not the same intensity value. For example, February 10, 1990, Changshu - Taicang 5.1 earthquake occurred, some people say that is four in Suzhou, Wuxi is three, this is wrong. No matter where, can only say that the Changshu - Taicang 5.1 earthquake occurred, but the earthquake in the sand Town, Taicang seismic intensity of 6 deGREes, in Suzhou seismic intensity of 4 degrees, in Wuxi seismic intensity of 3 degrees.

        Seismic intensity is a term frequently used. Intensity of a qualitative and quantitative criteria. China's seismic intensity on the table, the people the impression that the general level of damage to housing and other phenomena described, can be used as the basis for determining intensity.

地球的结构就象鸡蛋,可分为三层。中心层是“蛋黄”-地核;中间是“蛋清”-地幔;外层是“蛋壳”-地壳。地震一般发生在地壳之中。地球在不停地自转和公转,同时地壳内部也在不停地变化。由此而产生力的作用,使地壳岩层变形、断裂、错动,于是便发生地震。地下发生地震的地方叫震源。从震源垂直向上到地表的地方叫震中。从震中到震源的距离叫震源深度。震源浓度小于70公里的地震为浅源地震,在70-300公里之间的地震为中源地震,超过300公里的地震为深源地震。震源深度最深的地震是1963年发生印度尼西亚伊里安查亚省北部海域的5.8级地震,震源深度786公里。对于同样大小的地震,由于震源深度不一样,也不一样,对地面造成的破坏程度也不一样。震源越浅,破坏越大,但波及范围也越小,反之亦然。

       某地与震中的距离叫震中距。震中距小于100公里的地震称为地方震,在100-1000公里之间的地震称为近震,大于1000公里的地震称为远震,其中,震中距越远的地方受到的影响和破坏越小。

       地震所引起的地面振动是一种复杂的运动,它是由纵波和横波共同作用的结果。在震中区,纵波使地面上下颠动。横波使地面水平晃动。由于纵波传播速度较快,衰减也较快,横波传播速度较慢,衰减也较慢,因此离震中较远的地方,往往感觉不到上下跳动,但能感到达水平晃动。

       地震本身的大小,用震级表示,根据地震时释放的弹性波能量大小来确定震级,我国一般采用里氏震级。通常把小于2.5级的地震叫小地震,2.5-4.7级地震叫有感地震,大于4.7级地震称为破坏性地震。震级每相差1级,地震释放的能量相差约30倍。比如说,一个7级地震相当于30个6级地震,或相当于900个5级地震,震级相差0.1级,释放的能量平均相差1.4倍。

       当某地发生一个较大的地震时,在一段时间内,往往会发生一系列的地震,其中最大的一个地震叫做主震,主震之前发生的地震叫前震,主震之后发生的地震叫余震。

       地震具有一定的时空分布规律。从时间上看,地震有活跃期和平静期交替出现的周期性现象。从空间上看,地震的分布呈一定的带状,称地震带,主要集中在环太平洋和地中海—喜马拉雅两大地震带。太平洋地震带几乎集中了全世界80%以上的浅源地震(0千米~70千米),全部的中源(70千米~300千米)和深源地震,所释放的地震能量约占全部能量的80%。

       地震时一定点地面震动强弱的程度叫地震烈度。我国将地震烈度分为12度。

       震级与烈度,两者虽然都可反映地震的强弱,但含义并有一样。同一个地震,震级只有一个,但烈度却因地而异,不同的地方,烈度值不一样。例如,1990年2月10日,常熟-太仓发生了5.1级地震,有人说在苏州是4级,在无锡是3级,这是错的。无论在何处,只能说常熟-太仓发生了5.1级地震,但这次地震,在太仓的沙溪镇地震烈度是6度,在苏州地震烈度是4度,在无锡地震烈度是3度。

       地震烈度是经常使用的一个名词。划分烈度有定性和定量标准。在中国地震烈度表上,对人的感觉、一般房屋震害程度和其他现象作了描述,可以作为确定烈度的基本依据。

 

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第 1 页: 地震的产生earthquake 第 2 页: 地震的术语和相关知识
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