Farewell the red soldiers
Apr 12th 2006 | BEIJING
From The Economist print edition
LONG gone are the days when Chinese parents often chose such names as Hongbing (Red Soldier), Aihua (Love China) or even Kangmei (Anti America) for their children. (1)They are still limited by the custom of using no more than two Chinese characters for given names. But growing numbers now prefer to choose highly obscure ones to avoid the common phenomenon, given a ★paucity[1] of surnames, of ★bestowing[2] a name already used by countless others. The police, however, have plans to stop this.
The problem is that commonly used software for inputting Chinese characters, including that used by police departments responsible for issuing identity cards (which every Chinese must carry), cannot handle very rare characters. In China, the usual way of writing a character on a computer is to enter its pronunciation using Roman letters, then choose from a list of possible options (most characters have many ★homonyms[3]). A rare character might not show up on the list.
The tens of millions of Chinese with rare characters in their names (2)have long suffered the consequences, experiencing problems with everything from buying airline tickets to opening bank accounts. A Chinese graduate student says none of her examination certificates has ever recorded her full name, Chen Minqian. The rare “min” character, a poetical term for “autumn”, has been represented by zeros or ★asterisks[4]. Many computers once had problems generating the name of Zhu Rongji, China's former prime minister, thanks to his “rong” character, which is an unusual variant of a character meaning “smelt”.
For the police all this has become a particular problem with the introduction in 2004 of new identity cards with embedded microchips. Rather than getting better software, a senior police official has announced that the answer is to ban problematic characters.
(3)Reaction has not been entirely positive. One Chinese newspaper complained that the new regulation would “simply be for the convenience of the police” rather than for the good of the public. A government adviser was quoted in another as saying that the “right of citizens to use characters freely” should be respected. (4)The “old hundred surnames”, as ordinary citizens are often described in Chinese, would aGREe.
[NOTES](LONGMAN)
1. paucity n.
less than is needed of something缺少,缺乏 [= lack]
e.g. a paucity of information缺乏信息
2.bestow v.
to give someone something of GREat value or importance 把(有价值的或重要的东西)赠予某人
常用bestow something on/upon somebody 形式
e.g. honours bestowed on him by the Queen王后授予他的荣誉
3.homonym n.
a word that is spelt the same and sounds the same as another, but is different in meaning or origin. For example, the noun 'bear' and the verb 'bear' are homonyms 同音异义字或词;同形异义字
4.asterisk n.
a mark like a star (*), used especially to show something interesting or important星号(可作动词用,加星号)
[TIPS & BACKGROUND]
旻(min):mín (本义:秋天)
旻,秋天也。——《说文》
旻无疾威。——《 诗 •小雅•雨无止》
又如:旻宇(秋天);旻序(秋为旻天,故称秋季为“旻序”);旻云(秋天的云)
取名不用生僻字(语言文字学家、训诂学家、北京师范大学中文系教授王宁谈取名)
●汉字学上称以下四类字为生僻字,也叫疑难字:第一类,是音义不全的字,字典上面有形,但有音无义或有义无音,这些字多半是在字典收字时横向合并或历时传承时整理不彻底或传抄错讹造成的。第二类是指已经被现代楷书取代了的古文字隶定字形或者过渡字形。隶定字形是为了在称说古文字原形时对它进行描写的,这些字在隶变以后还有一个通行的传承字,例如:“畞”是“亩”的古文隶定字。过渡字形是一些字书为了讲解其它的字而设的,比如:“圥”可以构成“坴”,“坴”又可以构成“陸(陆)”、“睦”,《说文解字》就保留了“圥”。章太炎先生有几个女儿,她们的名字都是用四个字垒到一起的,其中有一个女儿叫张(zhǎn),就是四个“工”字,这个字在《说文解字》里有,就是小篆“展”的声符,当工整讲,楷书的“展”已经不从它了,这个字在使用领域就作废了。这些字的音和义谁都不清楚,又有别的通行字可用,你用它取名有什么意义呢?第三类就是不通行的异构字和异写字。第四种就是适应某一种方言的方音制造的方言字。香港的某些报纸充满了这种字。比如,“卡片”的“卡”,在香港写作一个“口”加一个“吉”。“吉”的古音的声母的确是ka,粤语保留的是古音,但是到了别的方言区,大部分“吉”和“卡”不同音了,它只适应广东话,所以很难认。
●大家不是希望名字多体现一点中国的传统文化吗?古代童蒙识字的课本《三字经》、《百家姓》、《千字文》,不重复的字种数是1462个,宋代通行的四书《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》,总字数56764个,不重复的字种数也只有2320个。宋 诗 18000多首,字种4520个。字量很大的《十三经》,字种数也超不过6000个。起名字带有一定的偶然性和可选择性,可用这个,也可用那个,你不必非得用没有的那个字。
●姓和名不同,它不但是称谓的符号,还涉及血统、祖籍等,包括继承权等等复杂的社会问题,它不是任意选用的,是传承的,其中有些怪字,如果考不清楚来龙去脉,那就有一个算一个,估计也不会太多。在这个数量内,对我们的文化继承是不会有损害的。
●我们在4亿人口时就有重名,唐代人口不足1亿,翻翻人名大词典,光知名人重名的就不少。所以古人除了正名以外,还有字、号和给自己工作、休息、写作的地方取的室名。现代的重名更是不可避免的,起名字的人怎么想避免都难以做到。我觉得避免重名,要靠取名字的人的文化素养、社会经验和智慧,他能够想到一些别人想不到的搭配。大家在取名字时,喜欢找比较有学问的人在 诗 词里、成语里、古代名言隽语里兼顾音义想一个有意义的好名字。比如说搭配谐音,北大一位老师给孩子取名“何鲤”,非常好的一个名字,因为“鲤鱼”的“鲤”字,一般的人不会想到,鲤鱼跳龙门,有望子成龙之意,再加上他姓“何”,合在一起正好是“合情合理”的“合理”的音,这不是很好吗?但是有人为姓“宋”的孩子也想起一个“鲤”名字,叫“宋鲤”,谐“送礼”,就不是个好名字了。
[TRANSLATION]
告别“红兵”
(陈继龙 学译)
很久以前,中国的父母常常用“红兵”(红色士兵)、“爱华”(爱中国)乃至“抗美”(抵抗美国)来给他们的孩子起名。如今,他们取名时仍按约定俗成不超过两个汉字,但是由于中国姓氏少,为了避免与许多人同名,越来越多的人倾向于选用生僻字。然而,公安部门正计划阻止这种情况的发生。
问题在于,包括负责制发身份证(每个中国人都必须领取)的公安部门所用软件在内的汉字通用输入软件无法处理罕见汉字。在中国,要将汉字写入电脑,通常是用罗马字母输入汉字拼音,然后从提示字单选项(大多数汉字有许多同音异形字)中选择所输汉字。字单中不一定会有生僻字。
为此,名字中含有生僻字的数千万中国人长期以来麻烦不断,从购买机票到银行开户都饱受困扰。一位中国研究生说,她的考试证书没有一个把她的名字填写完整。她叫陈旻倩,“旻”属于罕见字,是一个颇具 诗 意的汉字,意为“秋天”,这个字在她的证书中要么空着,要么被代以“*”。许多计算机在输入中国前总理朱镕基的名字时也曾遇到类似问题,因为“镕”字是一个不常用的汉字,意为“闻”。
自从2004年开始采用新一代芯片植入式身份证以来,生僻字一直是公安部门面临的一个难题。公安部一位高级官员已经宣布,要通过禁止使用“问题”汉字来解决这一难题,而不是寻求更好的输入软件。
人们对此褒贬不一。一家中国报纸抱怨说,新规定“只会给公安部门带来便利”,而无益于公众。另一家报纸援引一位政协委员的话说,“公民自由使用汉字的权利”应该受到尊重。“老百姓”——汉语中对普通公民的称呼——则会表示支持。(译者注:这里的aGREe,我的理解应该是“支持公安部门的新规定”,而不是“同意尊重自由使用汉字的权利”,因为我想老百姓应该多数反对取生僻字来作名字,确实太麻烦了。见附录)