6.否定句
1)否定的转移
否定的转移是指英语否定句在句中某一部分(常在谓语部分),但在语义上却是否定另一部分的现象。翻译这类句子时不要单纯依赖语法分析,而应从语义上分析,根据上下文理解句意。例:
(1)He doesn't teach because teaching is easy for him.他之所以教书,并不是因为他觉得教书轻松。(否定转移到because引起的原因状语从句。)
(2)He doesn't seem very enthusiastic about the suggestion.他好像对这个建议不大热情。(否定转移到介词about的宾语上。)
2)否定转移的基本类型
英语中的否定形式错综复杂,否定的部分可以是全句的任何成分。在处理否定转移时应灵活掌握以下基本类型:
A.否定形式在表示看法、感觉的谓语动词上,语义却是否定后面的宾语从句。例:
He doesn't expect we need worry.他认为我们不必着急。
B.否定形式在谓语部分,但语义是否定状语或状语从句。例:
(1)The earth doesn't move round in empty space.地球并不是处在空无一物的空间中运行。
(2)You should not spite a man because he is poor.不要因为别人穷就轻蔑他。
(3)Neither believe nor reject anything because any other person has rejected or believed it.对任何事情不要因为别人相信而相信,也不要因为别人否定而否定。
C.否定形式在谓语,但是否定转移到表语部分。此类结构常见的谓语动词有appear,feel,sound,taste,seem,smell等。例:
It doesn't seem as if it is going to rain.好像天不会下雨。
D.否定形式在谓语,语义上却否定宾语补足语。例:
I never knew him to carry money because he never had any use of it.我知道他身上从不带钱,因为他从不需要钱。
E.否定形式在宾语,但语义上却在否定谓语。例:
He found no delight in reading the book.看书,他感到并不愉快。
F.主语是否定词时,翻译应根据具体情况确定。否定可以转移,也可以不转移。例:
(1)Nobody who has ever seen good-quality color television can ever be completely happy with black and white again.看过高质量彩色电视的人再也不可能对黑白电视感到满足了。
(2)Nobody will listen to him.No one knows where he lives.没有人会听他的话。没有人知道他住在哪里。
G.“否定主句+肯定式方式从句”中,主句和从句意思正好相反。例:
(1)Whales are not fish,as many people think.鲸不是鱼,而许多人却认为鲸是鱼。
(2)It's not far from here,as we think.离那儿不像我们所想的那么远。
3)部分否定
在多数情况下,not在否定句中与every,each,both,always, much,many,often等词连用时,表示部分否定,译成汉语时可译为“不全是”,“未必都”,“并非”等。例:
(1)All that glitters is not gold.所有闪光的东西未必都是金子。
(2)Honesty is not always the best policy.诚实未必永远是上策。
(3)I don't need both(the)dictionaries.这两本词典我并不是都需要。
(4)It is not much of a spectacle as they say.那景色并没有人们所说的那么壮观。
(5)Everything doesn't cause cancer.并非所有的东西都致癌。
4)双重否定
下列短语具有双重否定的意义:not...but what,nothing(else) but只不过是,不外是,can not but(后接省去to的动词不定式)不得不,只好,can not choose /help but +V-ing不得不,哪能不,只好
(1)There is no law that has not exceptions.凡事都有例外。
(2)Not a day but what it rains.没有一天不下雨。
(3)There is nothing for it but to lay emphasis on its importance.
对这件事只能强调其重要性。
(4)There is nothing unexpected about it.一切都在意料之中。
(5)I can not but bring the matter to their notice.我不得不把这个问题提请他们注意。
(6)They could not choose but speak the truth.他们只好讲实话了。
5)含有否定意义的词汇与结构
A.含有否定意义的词:
含否定意义的动词:fail(+to V.),miss,lack(in),ignore, withhold,refrain(from),neglect,deny,overlook,exclude
含否定意义的名词:absence,failure,refusal,ignorance,neglect,exclusion
含否定意义的形容词:few+n.(C),little,last,free(from),far(from),short(from),safe(from)
含否定意义的副词:little,otherwise,too...(to),seldom , hardly,scarcely,rarely
含否定意义的介词:above,beneath,below,out(of),except,beyond,instead(of),past,without
含否定意义的连词:unless,before,or(表转折)
以上英语词汇用在某些特定的语境中具有否定的含义,翻译时应按照汉语习惯处理,恰如其分地译出来。例:
(1)He missed her in the crowd.他未能在人群中找到她。
(2)She is the last person I want to see.我最不想见到她。
(3)Hardly anybody likes him,because he is too selfish.他太自私了,几乎谁也不喜欢他。
(4)He is above telling a lie.他屑于说谎。
(5)The very breath of life itself was beyond my reach.我对自己的命运无能为力。
(6)Its beneath you to argue with him .你犯不上同他辩论。
B.具有否定意义的短语或结构
too...to太……(以致于)不anything but决不是
rather...than宁愿……而不shortof缺少,没有
but for /but that若非,要不是free from没有……的,免于……的
instead of代替,而不是safe from无……,(由于)不受 ……而安全
other than除了,不同于ataloss茫然,不知如何是好
more than不是in the absence of缺席,没有
more...than与其……不如, 是……而不是
never...but每当……必定rather than宁可,而不
以上英语短语或结构否定的含义,翻译时应做具体分析,避免误译:例:
(1)Frequencies too high to affect the human ear are called ultra- sonic frequencies.高得使人耳听不到的频率叫超音频率。
(2)I went too late to see him.我去得太晚了,没见到他。
(3)The world economy is too closely intertwined for any country’s hardship to be anything but bad news for everyone.世界经济如此紧密地交织在一起,以至任何一国的困难,对所有国家而言,不能不是个坏消息。
(4)I think Tom,rather than you,is to blame.我认为该受责备的是汤姆,而不是你。
(5)The division between the pure scientist and the applied scientist is more apparent than real.理论科学家和应用科学家的区分是表面的,而不是实际的。
(6)The fact is quite other than what you think.事实与你想的完全不同。
(7)It never rains but it pours.不下雨则已,一下就是倾盆大雨。(祸不单行)
(8)The animals are safer from attack in the zoo than they are in the wild,but are not as happy.动物在动物园里比在野外安全,较少受到攻击,但并不快乐。 |