(六)表示“但是”的词汇
1.but是并列连词,连接两个并列句,but前可用逗号。
She is rich but he is poor.她富有,但他贫穷。
He wanted to go, but she didn’t.他要去,但她不去。
2.although意为“尽管……(但是)……”,用于让步状语从句的句首。
Although I don’t want to (come), I’ll come.=I’ll come, although I don’t want to come.=I don’t want to come, but I’ll come.虽然我不想来,但我还是来了。
3.though用作连词相当于although,是非正式用语。也可作副词,置于句尾。
Though I don’t want to, I’ll go.(=I’ll go though I don’t want to.)尽管我不想去,但我会去的。
He is poor; he is honest though.他很穷,但他很诚实。
4.however是副词,可位于第二分句的句首、句中或句尾,第二分句前应用分号或句号,不可用逗号。
例如:他虽然穷,但很诚实。
He is poor; however, he is honest.
He is poor; he is, however, honest.
He is poor; he is honest, however.
He is poor. However, he is honest.
He is poor. He is, however, honest.
He is poor. He is honest, however.
比较:
He is poor, but he is honest.
He is poor but he is honest.
(误)He is poor, however, he is honest.
(误)He is poor, he is, however, honest.
(误)He is poor, he is honest, however.
5.still也是副词,用法和however相同。
It’s a very unpleasant affairs; still, we can’t change it.这是件令人不快的事,然而我们却无法改变。
6.in spite of是复合介词,后接名词性质的成分。
In spite of the fact that they are poor, they are honest.(或In spite of being poor, they are honest.)他们尽管很穷,但是很诚实。
(七)被动句中的 by短语、 with短语和in短语
1.在被动句里,by主要用来表示施动者,with表示施动者采用的工具或手段。如:
They had been caught by Italian guerrillas on April 27 while trying to escape to Switzerland and executed after a brief trial.4月27日他们试图逃往瑞士时被意大利的游击队抓获,简单地审问一下后被处决了。
It seemed as if all the bare trees,the bushes,the cut brush and all the grass and the bare ground had been varnished with ice.好像所有的秃树、灌木、砍过的树丛,所有的草和光秃秃的地面,全都罩上了一层冰。
The tree was cut down with an axe.这棵树被斧子砍倒了。
有时by也可表示方法或手段。但by表示的是无形的手段,而with表示有形的器具。
The house was lighted by electricity.这房子用电照明。
The house was lighted with electric lights. 这房子用电灯照明。
注意:known by中的by并非表示主动者或手段,而是表示“标准”,意为“根据”、“凭”。 在known的后面,如表示动作的执行者,通常用to,不用by。
A tree is known by its fruit.树的品种可以根据其果实看出来。
The fact is known to everybody.(=Everybody knows the fact.)这个事实众所周知。
2.by指具体人或事,with指抽象概念或事物。如:
He was struck by a man.他被人打了。
He was struck with fever.他发烧了。
3.by表示动作,with表示状态。如:
He was seriously wounded by a rolling stone.滚动的石头使他受了重伤。
The vast continent was covered with ice and snow.这块辽阔的大陆被冰雪覆盖着。
4.in往往用来表示场合或原因。如:
I was caught in a shower.我淋了一场雨。
The house was destroyed in a big fire.这座房子毁于一场大火。
(八)不可遗漏的后置介词
若名词或名词词组可以和后置定语构成介宾关系时,介词不可遗漏。具体有以下情况。
1.在不及物动词的被动语态中,谓语部分的介词和句子主语构成介宾关系时。
The children are taken good care of.那些孩子被好好地照料。
2.非谓语动词表示被动意义时,相关介词也不可省略。
The report is well worth listening to.这个报告很值得听。
3.在定语从句中,当从句谓语和先行词构成动宾关系,且从句谓语为不及物动词时。
This is the teacher I often talk with.这就是我常常和他谈话的老师。
4.做定语的非谓语动词和它修饰的名词构成动宾或介宾关系且相关介词后置时。
I have a large selection to choose from.我有大量的收集品供挑选。
5.不定式在形容词easy, hard, difficult, comfortable等之后作状语,且与句子主语存在动宾关系时。
The river is dangerous to swim in.在这条河里游泳危险。
6.在省略句中,当介词和省略成分存在介宾关系时。
Don’t speak until spoken to.不要说话,直到有人和你说话。(until后省略了you are)
7.当宾语前置的句型中含有后置介词时。
Not a single church has he been to.他去过不止一个教堂。
8.在强调句型中,当介词和被强调成分有介宾关系时。
It was the poor boy that we gave the books to.我们就是把书送给了这个可怜的男孩。
9.在感叹句中,当介词和感叹部分具有介宾关系时。
What a good teacher you came on!你遇到了一个多么好的老师!
10.在特殊疑问句中,当介词和特殊疑问词构成介宾关系时。
What are these people standing in queue for? 那些人排队为的是什么?
11.在wh-引导的名词性从句中,当后置介词和wh-引导词构成介宾关系时。
I’d like to know what you’ve been up to.我想知道你胜任什么工作。
当有些小品词可以兼做介词和副词时,不论有无逻辑宾语,该小品词均不可省略。
No ready technical data were available, but we managed to go without(them).没有现成的技术数据可以利用,但我们还是成功地完成了任务。
With a stick swinging in his hand, he passed by (me).他手里晃着手杖从我身边过去了。
Our school is very beautiful. Let me show you around (it).我们的学校很漂亮。让我领您参观一下吧。
(九)介词表示进行意义
1.at+名词
at table(在用餐),at peace(处于和平时期),at press(正在排印),at work(在工作), at school(在上学),at table(在吃饭),at war(在交战),at play(在玩耍)。例如:
They are now at breakfast, talking about the plan for their trip.(SEFC 1B Lesson 89)
These boys are at play(=playing).那些孩子正在做游戏。
2.in+名词
in reading(正在阅读),in politics(从事政治活动), in motion(在运动),in process(在进行中),in irons(戴着镣铐),in milk(在产奶),in bloom(在开花),in anger(在发怒)。例如:
The flowers are in full bloom(=fully blooming).这些花在盛开。
3.on+名词
on duty(在值日),on business(在办事),on guard(在值勤),on leave(在休假),on watch(在了望),on service(在服役),on holiday(在度假),on strike(在罢工),on sale(出售),on loan(出借), on show(在展出),on exhibition(在展览)。例如:
The house is on fire.那房子着火了。
4.under+名词
under text/exam(正在被测试),under development(在发展中),under repair(在修理中),under consideration(在考虑中),under obser-vation(在观察中),under discussion(正在被讨论),under orders(听从命令),under review(正在被检查),under control(在控制下),under study(在研究中),under sail(在航行),under treatment(在治疗中)。例如:
Several new railways are under construction in China.(NMET1996)在中国有几条铁路正在建设中。