过去分词有两个显著的特点,即:从时间上讲,表示动作已经完成;从语态上讲,表示被动的概念,但是如果是不及物动词用作过去分词形式,则只表示时间上的过去,而没有被动意义。过去分词在句中通常可以作表语、补足语、定语或状语,本文拟结合历年高考试题重点讨论其作定语和状语的问题。(带括号的选项为正确答案。)
一、作定语
1.定语的位置
1)单个过去分词及由过去分词构成的复合形容词作定语时,通常置于被修饰词之前,但修饰代词时,需置于被修饰词之后。如:
the developed countries发达国家
well-trained policemen训练有素的警察
man-made satellites人造卫星
everybody invited所有被邀请的人
注意:leave的过去分词left表示“剩余的、剩下的”意思时,置于被修饰词之后。如:
There is only one minute left.就剩下一分钟了。
2)过去分词短语作定语要后置,即要放在被修饰词之后。如:
Don't use words,expressions,or phrases ____ only to people with specific knowledge.(上海'02)
A.being known B.having been known
C.to be known(D.)known
3)部分过去分词置于被修饰词前后的位置不同,则意义也不相同。如:
an adopted child收养的孩子
a plan adopted被采纳的方案
2.作限制性定语或非限制性定语
过去分词作定语可以是限制性定语,也可以是非限制性定语,并且可以与对应的限制性定语从句或非限制性定语从句相互转换。如:
1)The first textbooks written for teaching as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
此句可以转换为:The first textbooks that(which)were written for teaching as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
2)The Olympic Games,first held in 776B.C.,did not include women competitors until1912.
此句可以转换为:The Olympic Games,which was first held in 776B.C.,did not include women competitors until 1912.
3.表示情感的动词的过去分词
一般由表示情感或心理状态的动词转化而来的过去分词作定语时,通常不可以修饰无生命物,有些此类过去分词已经完全形容词化,常见的这类过去分词有:disappointed(失望的),moved(感动的),interested(感兴趣的),touched(被感动的),surprised(感到惊讶的),shocked(震惊的、震撼的),puzzled(迷惑不解的),frightened(受惊吓的)等等。如:
a frightened driver吓坏了的司机
a disappointed girl感到失望的女孩
4.不及物动词的过去分词
一些不及物动词也有过去分词形式,由于不及物动词不可以直接跟宾语,所以不及物动词的过去分词作定语时只表示动作的完成,而没有被动语态的意义。如:
newly-arrived goods新到的货
fallen leaves落叶
faded flowers凋谢的花
二、作状语
1.基本特点和形式
过去分词作状语要特别注意其逻辑主语应该和句子的主语保持一致。通常过去分词在句中可以作时间状语、原因状语、方式状语、伴随状语和让步状语等,而且可以与对应的状语从句进行句型转换。如:
1)____ time,he'll make a first-class tennis player.(北京'03)
A.Having given B.To give C.Giving(D.)Given
点拨:作条件状语,相当于If he is given time,...
2)Followed by some managers,the boss inspected his production lines.
点拨:作伴随状语或方式状语。
3)Mr.Smith,____ of the ____ speech,started to read a novel.(北京春'03)
(A).tired;boring B.tiring;bored
C.tired;bored D.tiring;boring
点拨:(be)tired of的意思是“厌倦……”,过去分词短语在句中作原因状语,其逻辑主语是句子的主语Mr.Smith;现在分词boring的意思是“令人厌烦的”,修饰speech。
2.“连词+过去分词”结构
当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致, 而且状语从句的谓语动词是被动语态形式时,从句可以转换成“连词+过去分词”形式,同时省掉从句的主语和句中的助动词be,注该结构中的连词仍保持原来的意义。可以用于本结构引导状语从句的连词常见的有while /when /as /though /although /unless /if /once等。如:
1)The captain advised the soldier not to say anything unless he was asked.
可以转换成:The captain advised the soldier not to say anything unless asked.
2)You should do as you were told to.
可以转换成:You should do as told to.
实际上“连词+过去分词”已经成为近年的高考热点,请看下列考例:
3)Generally speaking,____ according to the directions,the drug has no side effect.(上海'03)
A.when taking(B.)when taken
C.when to take D.when to be taken
4)The research is so designed that once ____ nothing can be done to change it.(NMET'02)
A.begins B.having begun C.beginning(D.)begun
3.对逻辑主语一致不作要求的过去分词
有些过去分词在使用过程中已经转换成介词或连词,此时作状语已无法从逻辑主语一致来理解,此类过去分词要引起注意。如:
1)____ the general state of his health,it may take hima while to recover fromtheoperation.(京皖春2000)
(A).Given B.To give C.Giving D.Having given
点拨:此处的given是介词,意思是“鉴于、考虑到”。
2)Granted that he is absent,there is no excuse.
点拨:granted that的意思同even though/even if,用来引导让步状语从句,意思是“尽管,即使”。
巩固练习:
1.(MET'90)Most of the artists ____ to the party were from South Africa.
A.invited B.to invited C.being invited D.has been invited
2.(上海春2003)Unless ____ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A.invited B.inviting C.being invited D.having invited
3.(上海春2002)When ____,the museum will be open to the public next year.
A.completed B.completing
C.being completed D.to be completed
4.(上海'98)If ____ the same treatment again,he is sure to get well.
A.giving B.give C.given D.being given
5.(上海2000)____ in 1636,Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A.Being founded B.It was founded
C.Founded D.Founding
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