一、表示惊异、遗憾、不满等语气。 1.与疑问词how, why等连用,有“竟、会”之意。例如: ①Why should you stand there like a fool?你怎么像傻子一样站在那里? (should+do表示现在的情况。) ②How should I know? Has it anything to do with me?我怎么知道?这和我有什么关系? ③I don’t know why you should have told him that much.我不明白你为什么跟他说那么多。 (should+have done表示已发生的情况。) 2.在It’s surprising/ strange/ a pity...以及I’m surprised/ sorry...等句型中,当“竟然会”讲。例如: ①It’s surprising that you should be so foolish.真令人吃惊,你竟会如此愚蠢!(现在) ②It’s surprising that you should have failed to pass such an exam.真令人吃惊,这样的考试你竟然不及格。(已发生) 3.单独用“should (not) +have+过去分词”形式,对已发生的事表示遗憾或责备,表达“本该或不该”之意。例如: ①He also learns that he should have cared more about his friends.他还明白了他本应该多关心朋友。(高一课本上册P4) ②He shouldn’t have let out the secret.他本不该泄露秘密的。(实际情况是“他已泄密”。) 二、用于揣测,表示可能或期望,意思是“照理说来、应该”。 在语气上should比must弱,但比may/ might强;shouldn’t比 can’t弱,但强于may/ might not。例如: ①I should be home in about ten minutes.照理说来,约十分钟后我就能到家。(高一课本上册P59) ②He should be having class now.他现在应该是在上课。 ③As far as I know you shouldn’t have any problems there.就我所知,在那里你不会遇到任何问题。 ④According to the schedule, they should have arrived in Shanghai by now/ yesterday.按照计划,他们现在/昨天应该已经到达上海了吧。 (注:本句中的“should+have done”结构并不表示责备,仅表示说话人的揣测。) 三、表示建议和要求,当“应该”讲。 1.表示说话人的意向。例如: ①I think a friend should be kind.我认为朋友应该是善良的。(高一课本上册P1) ②You should not go rafting unless you know how to swim, and you should always wear a life jacket.如果不会游泳,你就不能去漂流;而且(漂流时)应该穿救生衣。(高一课本上册P18) ③Should the naughty boy be punished?那个调皮的男孩该受惩罚吗? ④It’s necessary/ important/ natural that we should do it again.我们应该重做。 2.在与某些表示“建议和要求”的动词或名词搭配的从句中,用“should+动词原形”的形式,表示“建议或要求做某事”,should可以省略。这类词常用的有:suggest(建议)/ suggestion, require, request, insist(坚持)等。例如: ①They suggested that Ed (should) start at ②It was suggested that Ed (should) start at ③Ed received their suggestion that he (should) start at ④Their suggestion was that Ed (should) start at 上述四个句子中的从句都表示建议的内容“Ed应该早八点出发”。 四、表示假设。 1.在虚拟条件句中用以加强假设语气,用“should+do”指将来的情况,当“万一(会)”讲。例如: ①If it should rain (=Should it rain) tomorrow, I should/ would stay at home.万一明天下雨的话,我就待在家里。 ②Please call me if (=in case) you should need my help.万一需要我帮助的话,请给我打电话。(此句中should need可用need代替。) 2.在虚拟语气的主句中表示假设的结果,当“就会”讲。(“should+do”表示现在或将来时间;“should+have done”表示过去或到目前为止的时间。)例如: ①If he were here, I should tell him the truth.如果他(现在)在这里的话,我就会告诉他真相。(事实是,他现在不在这里。) ②If I had been here yesterday, I should have taught him a good lesson.如果昨天我在这里,我就会好好教训他一顿。(事实是:我没教训他,因为我昨天没在这里。) ③I shouldn’t have won without your help.如果没有你的帮助,我就赢不了。(事实是我已经获胜。) 另外,should还可以用于目的状语从句中,用法类似于假设语气,当“就会”讲。例如: I turned down the radio so that it shouldn’t wake the baby up.为不惊醒婴儿,我把收音机音量调小。 五、表示委婉语气。(用于第一人称)例如: ①I should say you are wrong.我得说你错了。 ②I should like to have a look at your new stamp.我想看看你的新邮票。 六、指纯粹过去将来。例如: I said I should come early.我说过我会早来。(其直接引语是:“I shall come early,” I said.) 请看下列与should有关的高考试题: 解题技巧提示:正确解题的关键在于正确理解语言环境,把握说话人的语气和句子中的时间信息从而正确理解句子含义。 1.I was really anxious about you. You _______ home without a word.(NMET 2001) A.mustn’t leave B.shouldn’t have left C.needn’t leave D.couldn’t have left 2.I’m not feeling well in the stomach, I _______ so much fried chicken just now.(2002,上海) A.shouldn’t eat B.mustn’t have eaten C.mustn’t eat D.shouldn’t have eaten 3.We _______ last night, but we went to the concert instead.(NMET 1992) A.must have studied B.might study C.should have studied D.would study 4.I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _______ it out for her.(NMET 1994) A.had to write B.must have written C.should have written D.ought to write 5.That young man has made so much noise that he _______ not have been allowed to attend the concert.(1992,上海) A.could B.must C.would D.should 6.It’s nearly seven o’clock. Jack _______ be here at any moment.(NMET 1995) A.must B.need C.should D.can 7.—When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon. —They _______ be ready by 12:00.(NMET1998) A.can B.should C.might D.need 8.Mary _______ be in A.mustn’t B.can’t C.shouldn’t D.may not 9.I didn’t see her in the meeting room this morning. She _______ have spoken at the meeting.(MET 1991) A.mustn’t B.shouldn’t C.needn’t D.couldn’t 10.—There were already five people in the car,but they managed to take me as well. —It _______ a comfortable journey.(NMET 1995) A.can’t be B.mustn’t have been C.shouldn’t D.couldn’t have been 11.If only he _______ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.(2000,上海) A.lies B.lay C.had lain D.should lie 12.It’s hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _______ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.(2002,上海) A.wouldn’t have fallen B.had not fallen C.should fall D.were to fall 13.Johnny, you _______ play with the knife, you _______ hurt yourself.(NMET 1996) A.won’t; can’t B.mustn’t; may C.shouldn’t; must D.can’t; shouldn’t 14.—Are you coming to Jeff’s party? —I’m not sure. I _______ go to the concert instead.(NMET 2000) A.must B.would C.should D.might 15.A left-luggage office is a place where bags _______ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.(NMET 2003) A.should B.can C.must D.will 16.When Ed first phoned and _______ we play, I laughed quietly, figuring on an easy victory.(NMET 2003) A.declared B.mentioned C.persuaded D.suggested 参考答案: 1—5题都是对已发生的事表示遗憾和责备,须用“should+have done”的形式。答案分别为BDCCD。 6—10题考查情态动词表示推测的功能。第6、7题考查对将来情况的推测,用should表示“照理应该、照理会”的意思,答案分别为C和B。第8题考查对现在情况的推测,句子背景提示我们“几分钟之前我刚在小镇中见过她”,因此“她现在不可能在巴黎”,考虑到动词的语气,应选B。第9、10两题考查对过去情况的推测,具体的语言环境分别暗示“她不可能在会议上发言”和“那不可能是一次令人舒适的旅行”,should表示的语气较弱,不能表达“不可能”的意思,应该用can’t或couldn’t,故答案分别为D和D。 11—12题考查动词的虚拟语气。在假设条件句中,“should+do”只能表示现在或将来的情况,而两题都指已发生的情况,须用过去完成形式,故答案分别为C和B。 13—14题考查对说话人的要求和意向的理解。受语境影响,答案分别为B和D。 15题选项中的should显然不符合句子背景。行李“可以”暂放行李寄存处,而非“应该”。故答案应为B。 16题选项及题干中虽未出现should,但句子时态已给我们足够的暗示,主句谓语为过去时,而宾语从句中却用动词原形,四个选项中只有D项适合此种用法,表示“建议做某事”,动词play前实际上是省略了情态动词should。 |