一)enough的位置
1.enough作副词用时,可修饰形容词、副词和动词。修饰形容词、副词时enough应后置。
Helicopters were sent to rescue them， but it was impossible for them to get close enough.
You don’t practise enough at the piano.
I wish you’d write clearly enough for us to read it.
2.enough作形容词用时,修饰复数名词和不可数名词,习惯置于名词之前。
Have you made enough copies?
I’ll got enough money to pay for a taxi.
当enough和形容词一起位于名词之前时,要注意辨别enough的词性以及对语义的影响。比较:
1.①I haven’t found enough big nails to mend the cupboard.我还没找到足够的大钉子来修碗柜。
②I haven’t found big enough nails to mend the cupboard.我还没找到足够大的钉子来修碗柜。
①句中的enough是形容词,修饰nails,强调钉子的数量。②句中的enough是副词,修饰big,强调钉子的大小。
2.①Is there enough hot water for me to have a bath? 有足够的热水让我洗个澡吗?
②Is there water hot enough for me to have a bath? 有足够热的水让我洗个澡吗?
①句中的enough是形容词。修饰water，强调数量;②句中的e-nough是副词,修饰hot,强调水的温度。
(二)only用法点滴
1.only用作副词
▲only通常和被修饰的成分放在一起,多位于被修饰成分之前,有时也可位于被修饰成分之后,其位置不同,所强调的重点也不同,从而句意也不同。
Only I gave a pen to him.只有我(不是其他人)给他一支钢笔。
I only gave him a pen.我只不过给(不是其它动作)他一支钢笔。
I gave only a pen to him.我给他只不过是支钢笔(不是其它东西)。
I gave a pen to him only.我只不过把钢笔给了他(不是别人)。
口语中,only习惯上靠近动词,被强调的成分通过重读来表示。
▲only+不定式表示“出乎意料”的结果。
She got to the station only to find the train had left.她到了火车站,结果发现火车已经开走了。
They lifted a rock only to have it drop on their own feet.他们搬起石头砸了自己的脚。
He made a long speech only to show his ignorance of the subject.他讲了那么多,结果暴露出他对这门学科的无知。
▲only+v-ing形式表示“自然而然的或意料之中”的结果。
European football is played in 80 countries， only making it the most popular sport in the world.世界上有80个国家踢欧式足球,这使得欧式足球成为世界上最流行的运动。
▲only+too...to...表示肯定意义。
I shall be only too pleased to come.我非常乐意来。
比较:
He is too tired to come.他太累而不能来。
▲only+状语位于句首时,句子要部分倒装。
Only when you have a good knowledge of English grammar can you write correctly.只有掌握了英语语法知识才能写得正确。
▲副词only可以修饰名词短语,尤其是由数词构成的短语。
—They pay him only ＄100 per month.他们每月只给他100美元。
—Yes， but he works only a few hours a month.是的,可他每月只工作几个小时。
Only the manager is allowed to sign the aGREement.只有经理才能在这份协议书上签字。
2.only用作形容词
▲only意为“唯一的”。
The only work I can offer you is looking after the baby.我所能给你的唯一的工作是照看那个婴儿。
Her only fault was being too careless.她唯一的缺点就是太粗心。
He is an only child.他是个独生子。
He has an only son.他只有一个儿子。(也没有女儿)
He has the only son.他只有一个儿子。(除这个儿子外还有女儿)
▲only意为“最好的”。
She is the only person for the job.她是最适合这一工作的人。
3.only用作连词
▲only意为“不过、可是、但是”。
The book is likely to be useful， only it is rather expensive.这本书可能很有用,可是太贵。
I would do it with pleasure， only I am too busy.我很愿意做这事,可是我太忙。
▲not only...but （also）...连接两个并列成分。
当连接两个并列句时,not only所在的句子要部分倒装。
Not only did he speak fluently， but （also） she spoke more fluent-ly.不止他说得流利,而且她也说得流利。
比较:
Not only he but （also） she spoke fluently.不止他而且她说得流利。
He not only had read the book but （also） remembered what he had read.他不仅读过此书,而且还记得所读的内容。
▲if only表示意愿或愿望得以实现的条件,相当于感叹句,意为“要是……就好了”,多用虚拟语气,主句通常省略。
If only I had enough money to buy one！我要是有足够的钱买一个就好了!
If only you had been with us！你要是和我们在一起就好了!
▲only if意为“只有当……才……”,引导让步状语从句。
Only if you give me the money back， I will tell you the secret.只有当你还给我钱时,我才告诉你秘密。
(三)意义不同的still
1.still作形容词,意为“静止的,寂静的,无声的”或“不动的(常用于stand， sit， lie等动词后)”。例如:
Still water runs deep.静水流深。
It’s a still evening.寂静的夜晚。
All sounds are still.万籁俱寂。
Stand still， or you’ll be dead.站着别动,否则你就没命了。
The soldier stood quite still， except that his lips moved slightly.那个士兵站着一动不动,除了嘴唇微微在动。
2.still作副词,意为“仍然,依然,还”,或 “还要,更”(修饰比较级,加强语气),或修饰句子,其意义相当于连词,“(可是)还”,其前通常用分号或句号。
They still lived here then.当时他们仍住在那儿。
Drink it while it’s still hot.趁热喝吧。
It was cold yesterday， but today it is still colder.昨天很冷,今天更冷。
This book is not perfect； still， it is a good book.这本书虽不是十全十美,但还是本好书。
He is seriously ill. Still， there is a hope of his recovery.他病得厉害,不过还有康复的希望。
(四)如何正确理解since表示的时间
1.since用作介词时
▲其宾语常指过去的一个时间点。它表示的含义通常指持续到说话时刻的动作或情况开始于什么时候。
I have lived here since January.自一月份以来我一直住在这里。(“住”这个动作开始于一月份)
▲其宾语也可指过去的一段时间。这时since短语所表示的时间习惯上从这个时期的结束点算起。
It is now fifty-eight years since World War II ended.第二次世界大战距今已有58年了。[第二次世界大战1939年开始,1945年结束,距今(2003)是58年]
▲其宾语也可以是动词的-ing形式。
She has been very different since coming back from America.她从美国回来后就大变样了。
▲since then， since that是两个常用的词组。
Since then I had wondered where my brother was living.从那时起我就一直想知道我弟弟住在哪儿。
I have not seen my teacher since then.从那时起我再也没见过我的老师。
2.since用作连词时
▲主句时态是现在完成时
①since从句的谓语动词是非延续性动词的一般过去时时,时间应从该动作结束时刻算起,句意与词义一致,含有肯定意义。
I have written home but once since I came here.我到这里以后只给家里写过一次信。
②since从句的谓语动词是非延续性动词的完成时时,时间应从该动作结束的时刻算起,句意与词义一致,含有肯定意义。
He has learned to shoot since he has joined the army.他参军后就学会了射击。
③since从句的谓语动词是延续性动词的一般过去时的时候,时间应从该动作结束时算起,句意与词义不一致,具有否定意义。
I haven’t written to her since she lived in London.自从她离开伦敦后我就一直没给她写过信。(不是:自从她住在伦敦,我就一直没给她写过信)
④since从句的谓语动词是延续性动词的完成时时,时间应从动作发生之时算起(包括现在时间在内),句意与词义一致,具有肯定意义。比较:
a. He has written to me frequently since I have been ill.自从我生病以来他经常给我来信。(我仍在病中)
b. He hasn’t written to me since I was ill.自从我病愈后,他就没给我写过信。(我现已痊愈)
▲主句的谓语动词也可以是一般现在时,此时强调目前的状况是由于过去的某一事件所造成的后果或影响。
His health is much improved since he gave up smoking.自从戒烟以来,他的健康状况大大改善。
▲主句和since从句的时间关系有两种,①二者同时进行,这时的since从句谓语动词是延续性动词的现在完成时。
He hasn’t been at school since he has been ill.自从生病以来他一直没来上学。（生病和没来上学是两个同时延续的动作）
②如果since从句的谓语动词用了一般过去时,则从句动作在前,主句动作在后。
3.在it is/was...since...句型中
▲it is...since...表示由过去某一时刻起到说话时刻为止的一段时间的总和。since从句中通常用一般过去时,时间从该过去动作完成的时刻算起。
①若从句谓语动词是非延续性动词,则句意与词义一致,含有肯定意义。
It is thirty years since he joined the revolution.他参加革命已经三十年了。
②若since从句的谓语动词是延续性的,则句意和词义相反,含有否定意义。
It is ten years since she stayed here.她离开这儿已有十年了。
③since从句的谓语动词可以是现在完成时,表示动作或状态的完成,时间从动作完成的时刻算起,含有否定意义。
It is two months since my father has smoked a cigarette.我爸爸已有两个月不抽烟了。
▲it was...since...表示过去某一动作结束时刻到另一过去时刻为止的一段过去时间。即把it is...since...提前一个时态。
It was three months since we had been here.那时我们已有三个月没来过这儿了。
▲since从句一般不能以否定形式出现。
（误）It’s three years since I didn’t see you.
（正）It’s three years since I last saw you.
(五)比较级表达最高级意义
1.否定词和比较级连用可表示最高级的概念。
I never saw a prettier sight.=This is the prettiest sight I have ever seen.
I haven’t read a better poem before.=This is the best poem I have ever read.比较级+than+any/all other+名词或anything else可表示最高级概念。
Tom is taller than any other student in his class.=Tom is the tallest in his class.
Jim worked harder than anyone else.=Jim worked hardest.
2.never+such（so）+原级+名词可表示最高级概念。
I have never seen such a glorious sunrise.=This is the most glorious sunrise I have seen.、more+形容词+than the+同一形容词构成的名词可表示最高级概念。
He is more Chinese than the Chinese.他是地地道道的中国人。
3.as+原级+as anything可表示最高级概念。
He is as prudent as anything.他非常谨慎。
(六)比较级前的修饰语
1.much， many， rather， a lot， a GREat deal， far， by far， not a little等表示“……得多”。
This kind of paper was as soft as that kind， but much less expen-sive.这种纸和那种纸一样又轻又软,但是便宜的多。
This hat is rather more expensive than that.这种帽子比那种帽子贵得多。
The students have bought many more books than they need.同学们购买的书比他们需要的多得多。
Jack is a lot taller than Lucy.杰克比露茜高得多。
This village is a GREat deal richer than that one.这个村子比那个村子富裕得多。
They need far more money than we do.他们需要的钱比我们多得多。
Tom is by far the cleverer of the two.汤姆是两人中聪明得多的那一个。
注意:
①用by far修饰比较级时比较级前应有定冠词the。
②much修饰比较级,more用于多音节词或部分双音节词前构成比较级。
③very不能修饰比较级。
④rather可修饰比较级,fairly却不可。
⑤a lot， a GREat deal修饰比较级时表示程度,词组中不带of。
2.a little， a bit， a few， slightly等表示“稍微、一些、一点”。
Lesson Five is a little easier than Lesson Four.第五课比第四课稍微容易一点儿。
My room is a bit smaller than yours.我的房间比你的稍微小一点儿。
The general studied the maps a few more minutes.将军对地图多研究了几分钟。
This is kind of bicycle is slightly more expensive than that kind.这种自行车比那种稍微贵一点。
3.not， not a bit表示“不”。
There on the ground lay a peasant boy of not more than seventeen.地上躺着一个不超过十七岁的农家男孩。
注意:a little相当于a bit，但not a little与not a bit意义则有天壤之别。not a little意为“非常”,not a bit意为“一点也不”。
I’m not a little hungry.我很饿。
I’m not a bit hungry.我一点也不饿。
4.no， little表示“和……一样不”。
Some kinds of bamboo grow no higher than your ankles.有些竹子还没有你的脚踝高。
He is little better than a thief.他并不比小偷好(他和小偷一样坏)。
注意:no， little修饰比较级时表示“两者都不……”。not只强调“(程度)不超过”。
He is no taller than you.他并不比你高。(他和你一样矮或他和你都不高)
He is not taller than you.他不比你高。
5.even， still， yet表示“甚至、更……、还要……”。
This radio is even more expensive than that one.这台收音机比那台还要贵些。
That work is so easy， and this work is yet easier.那项工作那么容易,而这项工作甚至比那项更容易。
6.some， any也可修饰比较级,或用于more前。some常用于肯定的陈述句以及表示建议或邀请的疑问句中,而any常用于否定句、疑问句以及条件句中中。
I don’t think there is anything about a haircut that could make me love you any less.我不认为剪短头发能减少我对你的爱。
—Is he any better? 他好点了吗?
—Yes， he’s some better today.是的,他今天好多了。
Would you like some more rice? 再来点米饭好吗?
7.用分数、百分数、倍数或时间、长度等名词词组修饰比较级,可确切表示比较的程度。
He is one inch taller than I.他比我高一英寸。
Our classroom is two feet wider than theirs.我们的教室比他们的宽两英尺。
8.just表示“刚好、恰好、正好”,用于同级比较。
Tom is just as old as Jack.汤姆和杰克正好同岁。
9.序数词修饰最高级表示顺序。
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黄河是中国第二大河。
(七)不完全比较级
不完全比较级指被比较的对象没有出现或不必出现。这种情况在语言实际应用中屡见不鲜,在高考题中也屡屡出现。不完全比较级通常表现为省略被比对象或不必出现或难以说出被比对象。
