6)视点转移
翻译中的视点转移指按照译语的思维方式或表达习惯重新组织原语的信息,从原语不同或相反的角度来表达同样意思。英语和汉语均有从正面或反面表达句意的现象。对一些不宜直译的英语词汇或句子,依照汉语习惯反话正说,将原意译出来,会使人一目了然。翻译时运用视点转移的技巧能使译文易懂流畅,更符合汉语习惯。
(1)正反切入(反译法)
正反切入又称反译法,是指从与原句不同或相反的角度入手,处理译文,表达原文的意思。英语中有些从反面表达的意思,译成汉语时,可以从正面表达,而有些从正面表达的概念,其汉语译文可以从反面表达,这样会更加符合汉语习惯。反译法用于以下情况:
A.英语从反面表达,译文从正面表达。
a.The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him.归国的念头始终萦绕在他的心中。(原文是否定的,译文从正面处理,译为肯定句。)
b.Britain could not have advanced her industrialization so rapidly, if ,just when owners of factories needed it most,an abundant supply of cheap labor had not made itself available.英国工业化进展得如此之快,如果不是各厂家老板正当急需之时,有大量廉价劳动力可供使用,那是不可能的。(译文避免逐字对译原句的英语,而是将英文中的否定,处理调整为肯定,避免语义模糊。)
B.英语从正面表达,译文从反面表达。
a.I stayed awake almost the whole night.I'll be here for good this time.我昨夜几乎一夜没睡。我这次再也走不动了。(原文是肯定的,译文是否定的。)
b.Please remain seated while the plane is taking off.We may safely say so.飞机起飞时请不要离开座位。我们这样说万无一失。(原文中的肯定,在译文中变成了否定,有利于直接转达句意。)
c.I have a completely open mind.I have read your articles,I expected to meet an old man.我完全没有成见。我读过你的文章了,想不到你这么年轻。(译文脱离原文的束缚,从反面切入,更加通顺、流畅,符合汉语习惯。)
C.固定搭配中的反译
英语中有些固定搭配,如果直译不易理解,可以采用反译法,根据汉语习惯进行处理,在不改变原意的情况下,从反面切入,意思会一目了然。例如:only/but...to(v.)太……,非常,十分;cannot...too无论怎样……也不过分;could not +more完全……(含肯定意义);before...还没……就,趁……,等。
a.I'm only too pleased to work with you.I'm but too glad to do so.和你一起工作太高兴了。我非常愿意这样做。
b.You cannot praise the play too highly.这出戏你怎么称赞也不过分。
c.Young scientists cannot realize too soon that existing scientific knowledge is not nearly so complete,certain and unalterable as many textbooks seem to imply.现在的科学知识似乎都不像许多教科书所叙述的那样完善、那样肯定、那样一成不变,对于这种情况,年轻科学家意识到得越快越好。
d.These scientists could not believe the two Curies more.这些科学家完全相信居里夫妇。
e.It will not be long before they understand the truth that study hard before it is too late.他们大概不久就会理解要趁早努力学习的道理。
f.We will die before we give in.我们宁死不屈。
(2)形象转移
英汉语言中的比喻因各自文化不同有很大差异。有时,两种语言的喻义相同,但是喻体相异,即“意合而形离”。在这种情况下,翻译不能一味照搬原文,而应实行对喻体的“视点转移”。例:
a.A wreck on shore is a beacon at sea.前车之覆,后车之鉴。
b.Do sit down!You are like a cat on hot bricks with your running to the window to look for the postman.坐下来吧!你真像热锅上的蚂蚁,老是跑到窗口去望邮递员来。(原文中的cat,hot bricks被译成“蚂蚁”,“热锅”。)
c.But a leopard can’t change its spots and an American can’t easily stop saying“thank you”for everything.但是,本性难移,一个美国人很难免随口说出“谢谢你”。(原文“豹子改变不了它的斑点”转译成“本性难移”。)
d.Attacking this candidate in Boston is like bearding the lion in his den.要在波士顿攻击这位候选人,真好比太岁头上动土。
e.It's very difficult to see the chairman of our company,but if you take his secretary out to lunch that usually helps to oil the wheel.要会见我们公司的董事长是很困难的,但是假如你把秘书请出去吃一顿,这通常是有助于把事情办好的。
(3)色彩转移
有些表示色彩的词汇,在不同的文化背景之下,具有不同的内涵,翻译时切忌望文生义。例:
a.He knocked his face on the door and his cheek turned black and blue.他的脸在门上碰了一下,因此,他的面颊变得青一块,紫一块。
b.She is GREen with envy because you have moved into a socially better neighborhood.她非常眼红,因为你搬到社会地位较高的住宅区了。
c.When Chinese speak of yellow books,they are referring not to color but to pornography.In English“yellow journalism”refers to sensationalism not pornography.当中国人说黄色书刊时,他们指的不是颜色,而是色情描写。在英语里,“黄色新闻”指的是追求轰动效应的题材,而不是色情。
(4)数字转移
为了尊重汉语习惯,有些数词在英语的习语中,在译成汉语时,要用视点转移的技巧,使其符合汉语表达方式。例:
a.Ten to one the train will be late.这趟火车十之八九要晚点。
b.We have just moved into the house,and everything is at sixes and sevens.我们刚搬进这栋房子,一切都是乱七八糟的。
c.Two heads are better than one.A thousand thanks for your help.三个臭皮匠,胜过一个诸葛亮。万分感谢你们的帮助。
(5)双重否定与视点转移
英语句中含有双重否定时,在译成汉语时,经常运用视点转移的技巧,处理成肯定句,使意思更加简洁、明确。
a.I don't think we have asked for anything that they haven't done.我认为我们所要求的事情,他们都已经办到了。(译文运用否定的转移,将句中的双重否定译作肯定。)
b.I would not have made this appeal to you had I not felt sure that you would not misunderstand me.深信你不至于误解我,所以对你做此呼吁。(原句为虚拟语气,had I not felt是省去if的倒装虚拟条件句。)
c.I'm not unawareof this.What's done cannot be undone.我对此事一清二楚。覆水难收。(译文中的not unaware译成“一清二楚”,cannot be undone译成“难收”。) |